SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY

FACULTY ROSTER
Lars Aagaard-Mogensen, Ph.D., Aarhus University
Brian J. Copeland, D.Phil., University of Oxford
Nader N. Chokr, Ph.D., Rice University
Anthony J. DeLuca, Ph.D., Fordham University
Oleg Georgiev, Ph.D., Sofia University
Serghey Gherdjikov, Ph.D., D.Ph.Sc., Sofia University
Joseph Ghougassian, Ph.D., University of Louvain; J.D., University of San Diego
Nikolai Gochev, Ph.D., Sofia University
Alexander L. Gungov, Ph.D., Sofia University
Chris Herrera, Ph.D., University of Oklahoma
Amir Horowitz, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University
Jay E. Kantor, Ph.D., Graduate Center, City University of New York
Georgi Kapriev, Ph.D., Sofia University
Aneta Karageorgieva, Ph.D. Sofia University, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Anthony Khoury, Ph.D., Universities of Heidelberg and Hanover
Marvin Kohl, Ph.D., New York University
Dinev Kostov, Ph.D., D.Sc., Sofia University
Plamen Makariev, Ph.D., Sofia University
Odysseus Makridis, Ph.D., Brandeis University
Fred S. Michael, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Michael McDonald, Ph.D., University of Hawaii
V. Rev. Vaso Rajak, Ph.D., Catholic University of Chile
Paul A. Sauer, Ph.D., Syracuse University
Lyuben Sivilov, Ph.D., D.A., Sofia University
Joachim Stolz, Dr.Phil., Rheinisch-Westfalische Techische Hochschule Aachen
Nedyalka Videva, Ph.D., Sofia University
Constantin Yanakiev, Ph.D., Sofia University

The Study of Philosophy
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We are living in a time when the professional study of philosophy is essential for living. The word philosophy is a combination of two Greek words, philo = loving and sophia = wisdom. Unfortunately, in the twenty-first century, we may still have the stereotype of the philosopher as one spending most of the day contemplating ideas with little relevance to the real world and day to day living. This has never been the case. The philosopher engages in thinking, contemplating, reflecting and reasoning because of the very fact that the stimulating, depressing, confusing, orderly, ecstatic, tragic, boundless, finite, intelligible, mysterious, living world provokes such activity. In a way, the philosopher acts both divinely like Yahweh giving form to chaos and humanly as Adam giving names to things. This is the way the chapter opens, has continued for some three thousand years of organized thought and invites the initiate to add to its writing.

The world as given to us today is no less overwhelming, in spite of our organized technology, than it appeared to the early primitives. In fact, it never appears organized for long to any one - no matter how erudite. And we have heard so frequently that whoever weds a world view of today becomes a widow tomorrow. Whatever level of sophistication human beings arrived at, the world before them was all the more startling, confusing and mysterious. Old solved problems merely opened many more new ones.

At the threshold of the twenty-first century, we are quite aware of humanity's problems and are in an agitated depression over the apparent lack of solutions. Apparently, neither sex, drugs, rock and roll nor the traditional platitudes have provided much of a remedy. Onto this stage, comes the philosopher. It is paradoxical that at a time when philosophers are most needed, the university is not swamped with students wishing to embark on this endeavor.  There was a time when the university was not primarily concerned about preparing the students for a job but rather preparing them how to live.

Those of us who take life's problems very seriously, who struggle with finding meaning and order amidst apparent meaninglessness and disorder, who are driven to acquire and proclaim truth above all else in spite of personal risk and sacrifice, usually become philosophers. In recent times, we have seen the collapse of several world systems; they might have appeared political, ideological, religious or whatever. But what is clear is that they have changed, if not disappeared. So we hear terms like the post Christian era, or better, the post Death of God era, the post Communist era, etc.. Nature abhors a vacuum ; and we imagine that other systems have slipped into place, perhaps not as monumental. Or there may be a new system that we are thus entwined but too close to see. Or we may be in the midst of another collapsing system and the birth of others. Only time will tell. But in the meantime, we have serious work to do. "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty took a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men could not put Humpty Dumpty back together again." But in our study of philosophy we will do it or, at least, we will make a valiant effort.

The New York Times, Sunday April 6, 2008
"In a New Generation of College Students, Many Opt for the Life Examined," by Winnie Hu

New Brunswick, N.J.- When a fellow student at Rutgers University urged Didi Onejeme to try Philosophy 101 two years ago, Ms. Onejeme, who was a pre-med sophomore, dismissed it a "frou-frou."
"People sitting under trees and talking about stupid stuff - I mean who cares?" Ms. Onejeme recalled thinking at the time.
But Ms. Onejeme, now a senior applying to law school, ended up changing her major to philosophy, which she thinks has armed her with the skills to be successful. "My mother was like, what are you going to do with that?" said Ms.Onejeme, 22. "She wanted me to be a pharmacy major, but I persuaded her with my argumentative skills."
Once scoffed at as a luxury major, philosophy is being embraced at Rutgers and other universities by a new generation of college students who are drawing modern-day lessons from the age-old discipline as they try to make sense of their world, from the morality of the war in Iraq to the latest political scandal. The economic downturn has done little, if anything, to dampen this enthusiasm among students, who say that what they learn in class can translate into practical skills and careers. On many campuses, debate over modern issues like war and technology is emphasized over the study of classic ancient texts.
[One university has 100 philosophy majors graduating, up from 50 in 2002; another 322 philosophy majors, up 51 percent over 2002.]
"If I were to start again as an undergraduate, I would major in philosophy," said Matthew Goldstein, the CUNY chancellor who majored in mathematics and statistics. "I think that subject is really at the core of just about everything we do. If you study humanities or political systems or sciences in general, philosophy is really the mother ship from which all these disciplines grow."
Nationwide, there are more colleges offering undergraduate philosophy programs today than a decade ago (817 up from 765) according to the College Board. [ Certain schools have doubled the number.]
David E. Schrader, executive director of the American Philosophical Association, a professional organization with 11,000 members, said that in an era in which people change careers frequently, philosophy makes sense. "It's a major that helps them become quick learners and gives them skills in writing, analysis and critical thinking," he said. ....
Some...see it as a pre-law track because it emphasizes the verbal and logic skills prized by law schools...
majors score high on the LSAT.
Other students said that studying philosophy, with its emphasis on the big questions and alternative points of view, provided good training for looking at larger societal questions, like globalization and technology.

BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY, (B.Phil)

After the completion of Philosophy 101 and any other four courses with at least a " B " average, the student may take graduate level courses with the instructor's permission.

GRADUATE STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY
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The Ignatius student is offered the option of simultaneously enrolling in the master / doctorate program of Sofia University (Bulgaria) while in the master/ doctorate program at Ignatius University.The courses are the same but both universities operate autonomously . The Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) is awarded by IU to all students when all course work is completed fro the doctorate and before the dissertation.

At Ignatius University, there is a diversified international faculty of philosophers thus allowing for the exploration of a wide range of studies. From the catalog, it is apparent that no area of philosophical inquiry seems to be overlooked. Or, if something has been left out, a new and bright student will bring it to our attention. Thus there is great flexibility in the program. For example, a student may wish to concentrate on Political Philosophy or Philosophy of Peace. In such case, an attempt is made to broaden the philosophical inquiry with the insights of those faculty affiliated with the United Nations in our School of Diplomacy. The School of Philosophy at Ignatius offers the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil) in philosophy. The Master of Arts in Philosophy (M.A.Phil.) in philosophy is not a terminal degree but is awarded to all who are accepted into the D.Phil. program and complete all the requirements for the master's degree. There is no residency requirement for either of these degrees. However, students are welcome to attend colloquia with faculty in New York, Indianapolis, United States and Sofia, Bulgaria.
From the outset, the student should understand that Distance Learning is no less, and perhaps, more demanding than the traditional classroom experience. Students in the philosophy program are required to join the national philosophical organization in their own country and to attend each year its annual convention e.g. American Philosophical Association in the United States. This provides the opportunity for an exchange of ideas with other philosophers though the spoken word
rather than through written communication. We will also keep you informed of "chat rooms" on the web that are hosted by professional philosophers.
Philosophical thinking is free of any particular theological position. Students submit the identical program requirements to both universities and upon graduation receive the Ph.D.(Sofia) and the D.Phil.(Ignatius).

The Master of Arts in Philosophy (M.A.Phil.) is a 60 credit program which includes a 15 credit thesis. It is suggested that the student explore in the thesis an area which may become a dissertation topic later.  All students are required to complete the following six courses as part of the master's program: Ancient Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Social Philosophy, Philosophy of Culture, Philosophical Anthropology, and Epistemology. The additional 9 courses may be selected from any in the catalog. The subject of the thesis is discussed with a faculty adviser.

A 3.0 average is required in course work in order to receive the master's degree and to be eligible to continue on for the doctorate.

In the work for the doctor's degree, those admitted are required to take 6 additional courses (18 credits) including Philosophy of Religion and Psychology of Religion, if these last two specific courses have not already been taken.  There is also required a successful dissertation writing and oral defense (12 credits) and a minimum 3.0 overall average in course work. 

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
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Application is made to Ignatius University.

1. Successful completion of the baccalaureate degree with a minimum 3.0 index from an accredited institution.

2. A total minimum score of 1500 on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) including Verbal, Quantitative, and Analytical.

3. Since there is no philosophy subject examination on the GRE, students are required to have a minimum of 12 credits in philosophy with a B+ average.

4. Three excellent letters of recommendation from faculty (two from philosophy).

5. A personal interview locally arranged.

6. TOEFL of 550 for non-native English speaking students. All non-native English speakers and those who have not graduated from an English speaking institution must take the TOEFL.

MASTER OF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHY (M.A.Phil.)

The master's degree is not a terminal degree but on the way to the doctorate. A "B" average is required for the degree. To enter the doctoral program, the student must have a minimum of a 3.0 average in the master's program.
All single courses are three credits. A&B indicates a two semester course ( 3 + 3 ).

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, (D.Phil.) Back
All courses in philosophy are 3 credits except Philosophy 598 and 599 ( 6 credits each ). A minimum of a 3.0 average is necessary in the doctoral courses in order to qualify for the degree. When all course work is completed, the candidate will meet with the Dean to discuss the proposed Dissertation. Subsequently, a mentor and two readers will be selected as well as two additional committee members. The student will be provided a handbook for writing an acceptable dissertation in philosophy. The D.Phil is awarded upon successful defense of the dissertation.

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, (D.Phil.) IN PHILOSOPHICAL THEOLOGY
This program may be obtained through Philosophical Theology courses listed in the School of Philosophy but cross referenced with the School of Theology. Basically, the Theology course outline is followed with the addition of the philosophy texts cross referenced in the School of Theology. The specified philosophy texts become the basis of the critique of the theological material by way of an extensive term paper.

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, ( D.Phil. ) IN PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY

There is a certain richness, satisfaction, importance and depth of thought in bridging the disciplines of philosophy and psychology.
Graduate credits may be obtained through approved courses in the SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY.
These courses may include Psychology 303 Psychopathology, Psychology 305 Approaches to Counseling, Psychology 311 Graduate Statistics and Design 1, Psychology 401 Graduate Statistics and Design 2, Psychology 404 Physiological Psychology, Psychology 601 Multivariate Statistics in Psychological Research, Psychology 602 Research Methods and Design 1, Psychology 606 Research Methods and Design 2, Psychology 515 Theories of Personality, Psychology 516 History of Psychology, Psychology 517 Systems of Psychology, Psychology 518 Theories and Explanations in Psychology, Psychology 519 Neuropsychology, Psychology 511 Sensation and Perception, Psychology 512 Motivation, Psychology 513 Conditioning and Learning, Psychology 514 Cognition and Memory and any other approved courses pertinent to the student's research.

In the SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, the student should select from Philosophy 421 Philosophy of Social Science, Philosophy 422 Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy 428 Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy 415 Philosophical Psychology, Philosophy 415 Philosophy of Psychology, Philosophy 417 Phenomenological Psychology, Psychology 431 Computational Theories of Mind, Philosophy 434 Philosophy of Psychoanlysis and others.
The student should work closely with the adviser in order to select other courses from the Philosophical Disciplines that bear upon the research. Philosophy 501 Existentialism and Philosophy 502 Phenomenology may also be pertinent. Almost all of the Specific Philosophers have had something important to contribute to psychology. In addition, certain of the History of Philosophy courses may provide further illumination by displaying a wider context.

DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSES
( c = co requisite; p = prerequisite )

COURSE TITLES

The following listings are the courses usually offered. The student may request a new area that he/she wishes to explore or a listing of possible other selections. The School of Philosophy will then subsequently provide a course outline of the proposed study.

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY COURSE TITLES

Philosophy 201 Ancient Philosophy: 7-5 century
Philosophy 202 Ancient Philosophy: 5-4 century
Philosophy 203 Ancient Philosophy: 3 BC - 4 AD century
Philosophy 204 Early Christian: 1-5 century
Philosophy 205 Early Medieval Philosophy:600-1100
Philosophy 206 Twelfth Century
Philosophy 207 Thirteenth Century
Philosophy 208 Fourteenth Century
Philosophy 209 Fifteenth Century
Philosophy 210 Sixteenth Century
Philosophy 211A&B Seventeenth Century
Philosophy 212A&B Eighteenth Century
Philosophy 213A&B Nineteenth Century
Philosophy 214A&B Twentieth Century
Philosophy 215 Twenty-first Century

SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHER COURSES

Philosophy 302A&B Plato
Philosophy 303A&B Aristotle
Philosophy 306A&B Augustine
Philosophy 311A&B Aquinas
Philosophy 320 Descartes
Philosophy 330A&B Kant
Philosophy 331A&B Hegel
Philosophy 351 Heidegger

PHILOSOPHICAL DISCIPLINES

Philosophy 401 Cosmology
Philosophy 402 Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy 403 Natural Theology
Philosophy 404 Metaphysics
Philosophy 406 Traditional Logic
Philosophy 407 Symbolic Logic
Philosophy 408A&B Ethics (Moral Philosophy)
Philosophy 414 Philosophical Anthropology (Philosophy of Man)
Philosophy 415 Philosophical Psychology
Philosophy 418 Political Philosophy
Philosophy 419 Aesthetics
Philosophy 420 Philosophy of Natural Science
Philosophy 421 Philosophy of Social Science (Social Philosophy)
Philosophy 424 Epistemology (Philosophy of Knowing; Theory of Knowledge)
Philosophy 435 Philosophy of Culture

PHILOSOPHICAL THEOLOGY COURSE TITLES

All courses in the School of Theology may be open to further philosophical examination. A student wishing to explore philosophically a theology course, may request an outline from the School of Philosophy for the proposed area of inquiry.

Doctoral Dissertation: Required
Philosophy 598 Dissertation Seminar (6 credits)
Philosophy 599 Dissertation Seminar (6 credits)

UNDERGRADUATE
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Philosophy 101: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
A probing of fundamental philosophical questions, such as : Are there rational grounds for the existence of God ? Can the notion of God be reconciled with the presence of evil ? How do we know what we know ? What is a cause ? Could there be disembodied thoughts ? Is human behavior free or is it determined ? Are there objective grounds for values ? What makes a society just ? What counts as a good explanation ?

Philosophy 102: ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
Major periods or movements in history of ancient philosophy; Pre-Socratic philosophy, Plato and the Academy, Socrates and the Socratic schools, Aristotle and the Lyceum, Stoics and Epicureans, Roman philosophy, Neoplatonism and Plotinus; philosophical foundation of ancient science; relationship between development of philosophy in period and historical context including political, social, religious and scientific developments.

Philosophy 103: MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
Survey of thought from St. Augustine through the sixteenth century; introduction to the major medieval thinkers such as Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Ockham; topics include God, freedom, immortality, universals, nominalism, essence, existence.

Philosophy 104: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Survey of the main philosophical movements from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries; rationalism, empiricism, French Enlightenment, Kantian revolution, idealism, romanticism.

Philosophy 105: CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
Survey of the major philosophical thinking of the twentieth century; analytic movement, existentialism; British, Continental and American philosophers are considered.

Philosophy 106: LOGIC
Introduction to symbolic logic with consideration given to major areas of traditional logic.

Philosophy 107: PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWING
A philosophical examination of the nature, objects and certainty of knowledge.

Philosophy 108: PHILOSOPHY OF BEING
A systematic and historical examination of metaphysical approaches to reality.

Philosophy 109: PHILOSOPHY OF UNCREATED BEING
A survey of approaches to God by unaided reason from the Pre-Socratic through the twentieth century.

Philosophy 110: MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Introduction to some fundamental concepts, issues and major works in ethics and morality; topics such as good and evil, moral principles of justice, pleasure, self interest, self fulfillment.

Philosophy 111: PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
Emotion, will, motive, imagination, learning, perceiving, dreaming, in light of current philosophical analyses of these concepts and current psychological research and theorizing.

DESCRIPTION OF HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY COURSES
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Philosophy 201: ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY , 7 TO 5 CENTURY B.C.
Survey of primary source material where available for the Earlier Ionian, Pythagorean, Eleatic, Later Ionian Schools; the Atomists, Sophists, Socrates and the Socratic Schools.What does it mean to struggle with the problem of the one and the many ?

Philosophy 202: ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 5 TO 4 CENTURY B.C.
Plato, Platonic Schools, Aristotle, Peripatetic School, Hippocrates, Democritus, Sophists.Survey reading of representative texts.

Philosophy 203: ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 3 CENTURY B.C. TO 4 CENTURY A.D.
An attempt to grapple with this long period of time with many entwining schools of thought into which Christianity found itself; Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, Eclectics, Cynics, Cicero, Neo-Pythagoreanism, Neo-Platonism, Plutarch, Plotinus, Porphyry, Lucretius, Seneca, Aurelius, Jewish Hellenistic philosophy. Was there a radical break in contemporary thought with Christianity or was it business - thinking as usual ?

Philosophy 204: EARLY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY, 1 CENTURY TO 5 CENTURY
Consideration of Patristic philosophy, Gnosticism, Manicheism, Clement, Origen, St. John Damascus, Greek and later Fathers, St. Augustine. Could Mani be found in the DSM IV today ? Could we have an Augustine without Mani ?

Philosophy 205: EARLY MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
This is the time between the sixth through the eleventh century popularly known as the Dark Ages. How really dark were they ? Readings of Boethius, Alcuin, Fredegis, Pseudo-Dionysius, Rhabanus Maurus, Erigena, Gerbert, Alfarabi, Avicenna, Avicebrol. How did St. Anselm quiet the monks in his monastery ? Why did Erigena's students stab him to death with their pens ?

Philosophy 206: THE TWELFTH CENTURY
Attention will be given to the philosophical ideas of the School of Chartres, School of St. Victor, William of Champeaux, Abelhard, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, John of Salisbury, Peter Lombard, the Mystic School, Maimonides, Averroes. Why couldn't Bernard leave Heloise and Abelhard alone ?

Philosophy 207: THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
What was happening with students and faculty at the University of Paris ? William of Auvergne, Albert the Great, Alexander of Hales; after reading Roger Bacon you will know why a Franciscan was the detective in Eco's Name of the Rose; other Franciscans, St.Bonaventure; did ice run in St. Thomas Aquinas' veins ? Connect the terse writings of the "Big Ox" with the passion of his Mass of Corpus Christi; God, freedom, immortality, universals, essence, existence; Grosseteste, Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent; looking beyond the words to the real issues.

Philosophy 208: THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
In spite of the Black Death, scholarship still carried on. John Duns Scotus, Aureolus, Ockham, Ockhamist movement: John of Mirecourt and Nicholas of Autrecourt; Durandus, nominalism; the scientific movement; Marsilius of Padua, Petrach.

Philosophy 209: THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
Consideration is given to speculative mysticism, the Renaissance, revival of Platonism. Plethon, Ficinus, Pico della Mirandola, Savanarola, Aristotelianism, Pomponazzi, Nicholas of Cusa, Brethren of the Common Life.

Philosophy 210: THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Philosophy of Nature. Why was Giordano Bruno burned at the stake ? Paracelsus, Bohme; scientific movment of the Renaissance, Galileo, Copernicus, Francis Bacon; the Reformation; political philosophy: Machiavelli, Thomas More, Hooker, Grotius; Francis Suarez.

Philosophy 211A & 211B: THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
The Rationalists believed that we could come to know significant truths about God, nature and ourselves by reason alone: Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz; Pascal; British Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley, Hume; Newton; Cambridge Platonists; scientific knowledge; the nature of reality and the will, Hobbes, religious and ethical problems.

Philosophy 212A & 212B: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The French Enlightenment, Deistic controversy, Voltaire, the Encyclopaedia materialists: Diderot and d'Alembert; the British Moralists, Montesquieu and law, d'Holbach, natural history, Rousseau, the German Enlightenment, Lessing; break with Enlightenment, rise of philosophy of history, Vico, Condorcet; position of Kant and major themes in his works.

Philosophy 213A & 213B: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Immediate effects of the Kantian revolution, post-Kantian Idealist systems, Romantic movement, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schleiermacher; reaction against Metaphysical Idealism, Schopenhauer; transformation of idealism, Feuerbach, Marx and Engels; Kierkegaard; non-dialectical materialism, Haeckel; Neo-Kantian movement, revival of metaphysics, Fechner, Wundt; Nietzsche; British empiricism, utilitarian movement, Bentham, Mill; Darwin, Huxley, Spencer; idealist movement in Britain; traditionalist reaction in France to the Revolution, the ideologists, Maine de Biran, eclecticism, social philosophy, Comte, positivism in France, idealism, spiritualist movement.

Philosophy 214A & 214B: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Consideration of Bergson, Blondel, Thomism in France, Marechal, philosophy of science, Poincare, philosophy of values, metaphysics, personalism, Teilhard de Chardin, Marcel, existentialism of Sartre, the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, Levi-Strauss, Husserl, Scheller, Heidegger; in Britain the revolt against idealism, Whitehead; Moore and analysis, Russell; Wittgenstein; Santayana; Freud.

Philosophy 215: THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
In the making.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHER COURSES
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Philosophy 302A&B: PLATO
On his return to Athens in 388, Plato founded his famous Academy, the first true university. Some one said the history of philosophy has been footnotes on Plato. Selected primary readings based upon instructor and student interest: Apology, Euthyphro, Ion, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Cratylus, Phaedo, Republic, Symposium, Parmenides, Sophist, Theaetetus, Phaedrus, Politicus, Philebus, Timaeus, Critias, Laws. c/p: Phil. 202

Philosophy 303A&B: ARISTOTLE
Aristotle was tutor to Alexander the Great, graduate of the Academy and founder of the Lyceum. The corpus of Aristotle's writings touch upon almost all philosophical problems of his time and ours. Depending upon interest, selections from certain works will be read while other works will be read in their entirety. On Logic, Organon, Categories, Topics, On Sophistical Refutations; on Psychology, On the Soul, Parva Naturalia; on Metaphysics, The Metaphysics; in Ethics and Social Psychology, Nichomachean Ethics, Magna Moralia, Politics; in Aesthetics, Rhetoric, Poetics. c/p: Phil. 202

Philosophy 306A&B: ST. AUGUSTINE
Professor Robert Pollock said " that without Christianity, Augustine would have been nothing but a 'two bit' rhetor." The basic elements and orientations of Augustine's thought; its importance for subsequent philosophical and cultural development. Life and writings; knowledge, God, the world, moral theology, the state; consideration of the following works and others in whole or in part: On Free Will, Concerning the Teacher, Confessions, On Christian Doctrine, Enchiridion, On Faith, Hope and Love, City of God, On the Trinity J.L Chretian, italics: St. Augustine; J.F. Lyotard, italics: The Confessions of St. Augustine; C. DePaulo, italics: The Influence of Augustine on Heidegger; J.L. Chretian, italics: Unforgettable and the Unhoped For, (See Theology 831 A & B) . c/p: Phil. 204.

Philosophy 311A&B: ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
Aquinas baptized Aristotle: centering his philosophic activity around the determination, interpretation, and defense of Aristotle's system of thought while adapting it to the needs of the 13th century; life, philosophy, theology, mysticism; principles of created being, proofs of God's existence, God's nature, creation, metaphysics, psychology, knowledge, moral theory, political theory; aesthetics: three factors are associated with the beautiful, harmony, perfection brilliance; On Being and Essence, On Truth, Summa Contra Gentiles, Divine Names, Summa Theologica, On the Eternity of the World, On Separate Substances.  c/p: Phil. 207.

Philosophy 320: DESCARTES
Life, works, a reading of the central texts, method, innate ideas, methodic doubt, existence of bodies, substances, relation between mind and body, subjectivity, sovereignty of construction, God, matter, space, infinity, mind, idea, will, freedom; Discourse on Method, Geometry, Meditations, Principles of Philosophy, Passions of the Soul, Letters, The World, or Treatise on Light, Rules for the the Direction of the Mind. c/p: Phil. 211A

Philosophy 330A&B: KANT
Life, writings; Newtonian Physics, the problems of the Critique of Pure Reason, its significance in context of general problem in philosophy: scientific knowledge; metaphysics under fire; morality and religion; aesthetics and teleology; Remarks on the Opus Postumum; Dissertation Concerning the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible Worlds, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Idea of a Universal History, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Metaphysical Principles of Natural Science, Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. c/p: Phil. 212B.

Philosophy 331A&B: HEGEL
An intensive study of some of Hegel's writings with special emphasis on the nature of Hegelian dialectic and philosophical method. Phenomenology of Spirit, tracing the Hegelian dialectic as it develops into a complete system: a movement from consciousness through self-consciousness to reason - as individual and historical phenomenology; the working out of a complete ontology through the dialectic of thought; System of Science, Science of Logic, Objective Logic, Subjective Logic, Philosophy of Right, Philosophy of Religion, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Fine Art, Philosophy of History. c/p: Phil. 213A.

Philosophy 351 HEIDEGGER
A rediscovery of the meaning of being via an understanding of human nature; human existence ( Dasein ) , rediscovery of Being (Sein); uses of freedom; authentic, inauthentic; care, anxiety; conscience; eksistenz, extases of time; past, present, future; Verstehen, Zuhandenen; nothingness; "why is there anything at all and not rather Nothing ?" word as revelatory. In Ek-sistenz poet and thinker support each other: the thinker pronounces Being; and the poet names the Holy. Being and Time, On the Essence of Reason, What is Metaphysics ?, On Essence of Truth, Introduction to Metaphysics, What is Thinking ?, On Question of Being, What is Philosphy ?, Identity and Difference, Composure, On Way to Speech, Question Concerning the Thing, Phenomenology of Theology, Views.
c/p: Phil. 214A or B.

DESCRIPTION OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCIPLINE COURSES
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Philosophy 401: COSMOLOGY
Origin, structure of universe, creation, everlastingness, vitalism or mechanism; nature of space, time, and causality; historical approach, Scholastic, Wolff, Hegel, A.E.Taylor, Whitehead; more recently cosmologists have tended to be astronomers, theoretical physicists, mathematicians, Bondi, Gold, Hoyle, Gamow et al.

Philosophy 402: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Philosophical arguments for and against religion; belief; rational, anti-rational conceptions of faith; the will to believe in the ethics of belief; evil, omnipotence; myth, miraculous; to what extent can belief in God be rationally justified ? What if anything, does the fact of evil tell us about God's nature ? Is religious discourse ordinary sppech or in some way metaphorical or symbolic ? Aquinas, Pico della Mirandola, Thomas Paine, Jefferson, Holbach, Kant, Herder, Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, Comte, Kierkegaard, Ritschl, Troeltsch, Haeckel, Hoffding, Freud, Durkheim, Santayana, Otto, Cassirer, Barth, Brunner, Reinhold Niebuhr, Richard Niebuhr, Suzuki, Tillich, N.Smart, Braithwaite, Hare.

Philosophy 403: NATURAL THEOLOGY
Traditional arguments for and against the existence of God from the Pre-Socratics through the Twentieth century. Philosophical attempts at the nature and attributes of God. This course presupposes that the student has the historico-philosophical background to appreciate the arguments and the systems from which they arise.
c/o: several courses in the history of philosophy; Phil. 404 is recommended.

Philosophy 404: METAPHYSICS
Investigation of theories of being, causation, ontology, necessity, possibility, substance, identity, freedom and determinism, reality, experience, order of universe, universals and particulars; notion of being in general; the transcendentals, categories, types, relations; hierarchy of being. Consideration of philosophers most concerned with ontology; questions raised by Carnap, Quine et al.

Philosophy 406: TRADITIONAL LOGIC
This course give the fundamental notions in logic; topics include signification, concepts and terms; categories and predicables ; forming definitions; propositions; propositional properties and compound propositions; argumentation and the syllogism; fallacies; square of opposition; some consideration is given to comparison with modern views.

Philosophy 407: SYMBOLIC LOGIC
Translating from English into formal languages and testing arguments for validity; the meta-theory of first order logic; logical properties and relationships of sentences studied by means of the construction of a symbolic language for sentential and predicate logic; meta-theory for both sentential and predicate logic; limitations of predicate logic; tense logic and modal logic.

Philosophy 408 A ETHICS- THEORETICAL
What is the good life ? What principles should guide actions ? Can we reach agreement on the answers as we can in scientif questions ? Subjective factors in moral life: ethics, conduct, responsibility, conscience; the objective good in moral life: good, pleasure, convenience, consequences, intuition, reason, law, duty, freedom, situation, love, habit, happiness.

Philosophy 408 B ETHICS- PRACTICAL
Rights, life, health, truthfulness; social life: society, family, sex; political life: state, government, protest; socioeconomic life: property, contracts, work, Capitalism, Marxism, earth; international society: nations, war, peace. c/p: Phil. 408A

Philosophy 414: PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN (Philosophical Anthropology)
Contemporary theories of human nature; social and political animal; theories of human nature and the conception of the natural world; human considered as a living organism, endowed with sense knowledge and sense appetite possessing an immortal intellect; free will, immortality; data will be drawn from experimental and clinical psychology.

Philosophy 415: PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Emotion, will, motive, imagination, learning, perceiving, dreaming, in the light of current philosophical analyses of these concepts and current research and theorizing.

Philosophy 418 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
This course covers such topics as to how people should be governed; human nature and political consequences; major philosophical positions concerning the nature and purpose of the state. the major political philosophers from the Greeks to the present will be surveyed and critiques from various perspectives.

Philosophy 419: AESTHETICS
What is a work of art ? How does one know if it is good or bad ? What is the purpose of art? Philosophical interpretation of aesthetic experience both creative and appreciative; aesthetic value, nature of art, interpretation, imagination, creativity, style, artistic truth; nature of beauty and the sublime; philosophy of Western and non-Western art; genius.

Philosophy 420: PHILOSOPHY OF NATURAL SCIENCE
Methodological issues; study of methods, assumptions, and limits of natural science with examples from the history of science; explanation, laws, prediction, confirmation, theories; status of theoretical entities; theoretical reduction; concept formation and problem of demarcation; deductive and inductive models; indeterminism, probability and induction; functional explorations; wave particle debate and theories of the atom.

Philosophy 421: PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
Problem of concept and theory formation in social science; nature of social reality; logic of explanation in social sceince; conditions of objectivity and validity of social knowledge; basic concepts of the social sciences such as causation and functional explanation, prediction, rationality , reduction, objectivity; origins of society and its proper organization as well as perspectives on justice, rights and obligations.

Philosophy 424: EPISTEMOLOGY
Examination of the nature, objects, and certainty of knowledge; theories of knowledge; what knowledge is and how, if at all, we know things; skepticism, perception, problem of meaning and truth; rationalism, empiricism; coherence theory; naive and critical realism; foundationalism versus contextualism; genetic epistemology (Piaget).

Philosophy 435: PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE
An exploration of the creative expressions of mankind over time from a philosophical standpoint. The critique of various thinkers on culture will be considered.